London 
i/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.[3][4] Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium.[5] London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2) medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375, making it the smallest city in England. Since at least the 19th century, the term London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core.[6] The bulk of this conurbation forms Greater London,[7][8][note 1] a region of England governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.[9][note 2] The conurbation also covers two English counties, the City of London and the county of Greater London,[10] though historically it was split between the City, Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire.
London is a leading global city,[11][12] with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport all contributing to its prominence.[13][14][15][16] It is one of the world's leading financial centres [17][18][19][20] and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.[note 3][21][22] London is a world cultural capital.[23][24][25][26] It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals[27] and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic.[28] London is the world's leading investment destination,[29][30][31] hosting more international retailers[32][33] and ultra high-net-worth individuals[34][35] than any other city. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe,[36] and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings. According to the report London also ranks first in the world in software, multimedia development and design, and shares first position in technology readiness.[37] In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.[38]
London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within Greater London.[39] The Office for National Statistics estimated its mid-2014 population to be 8,538,689,[2] the largest of any municipality in the European Union,[40] and accounting for 12.5 percent of the UK population.[41] London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants according to the 2011 census.[42] The city's metropolitan area is one of the most populous in Europe with 13,879,757 inhabitants,[note 4][43] while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region (covering a large part of south east England) as 22.7 million.[44] London was the world's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925.[45]
London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory, Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude, and GMT).[46] Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. London is home to numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library and 40 West End theatres.[47] The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.[48][49]
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.[3][4] Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium.[5] London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2) medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375, making it the smallest city in England. Since at least the 19th century, the term London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core.[6] The bulk of this conurbation forms Greater London,[7][8][note 1] a region of England governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.[9][note 2] The conurbation also covers two English counties, the City of London and the county of Greater London,[10] though historically it was split between the City, Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire.
London is a leading global city,[11][12] with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport all contributing to its prominence.[13][14][15][16] It is one of the world's leading financial centres [17][18][19][20] and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.[note 3][21][22] London is a world cultural capital.[23][24][25][26] It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals[27] and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic.[28] London is the world's leading investment destination,[29][30][31] hosting more international retailers[32][33] and ultra high-net-worth individuals[34][35] than any other city. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe,[36] and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings. According to the report London also ranks first in the world in software, multimedia development and design, and shares first position in technology readiness.[37] In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.[38]
London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within Greater London.[39] The Office for National Statistics estimated its mid-2014 population to be 8,538,689,[2] the largest of any municipality in the European Union,[40] and accounting for 12.5 percent of the UK population.[41] London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants according to the 2011 census.[42] The city's metropolitan area is one of the most populous in Europe with 13,879,757 inhabitants,[note 4][43] while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region (covering a large part of south east England) as 22.7 million.[44] London was the world's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925.[45]
London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory, Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude, and GMT).[46] Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. London is home to numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library and 40 West End theatres.[47] The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.[48][49]
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.[3][4] Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium.[5] London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2) medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375, making it the smallest city in England. Since at least the 19th century, the term London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core.[6] The bulk of this conurbation forms Greater London,[7][8][note 1] a region of England governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.[9][note 2] The conurbation also covers two English counties, the City of London and the county of Greater London,[10] though historically it was split between the City, Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire.
London is a leading global city,[11][12] with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport all contributing to its prominence.[13][14][15][16] It is one of the world's leading financial centres [17][18][19][20] and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.[note 3][21][22] London is a world cultural capital.[23][24][25][26] It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals[27] and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic.[28] London is the world's leading investment destination,[29][30][31] hosting more international retailers[32][33] and ultra high-net-worth individuals[34][35] than any other city. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe,[36] and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings. According to the report London also ranks first in the world in software, multimedia development and design, and shares first position in technology readiness.[37] In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.[38]
London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within Greater London.[39] The Office for National Statistics estimated its mid-2014 population to be 8,538,689,[2] the largest of any municipality in the European Union,[40] and accounting for 12.5 percent of the UK population.[41] London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants according to the 2011 census.[42] The city's metropolitan area is one of the most populous in Europe with 13,879,757 inhabitants,[note 4][43] while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region (covering a large part of south east England) as 22.7 million.[44] London was the world's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925.[45]
London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory, Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude, and GMT).[46] Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. London is home to numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library and 40 West End theatres.[47] The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.
History
The etymology of London is uncertain.[50] It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century. It is recorded c. 121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin.[50] The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae.[50] This had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud.[51]
From 1898, it was commonly accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos; this explanation has since been rejected.[50] Richard Coates put forward an explanation in 1998 that it is derived from the pre-Celtic Old European *(p)lowonida, meaning 'river too wide to ford', and suggested that this was a name given to the part of the River Thames which flows through London; from this, the settlement gained the Celtic form of its name, *Lowonidonjon;[52] this requires quite a serious amendment however. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *(h)lōndinion (as opposed to *londīnion), from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name.
Until 1889, the name "London" officially applied only to the City of London, but since then it has also referred to the County of London and now Greater London.[6]
i/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.[3][4] Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium.[5] London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2) medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375, making it the smallest city in England. Since at least the 19th century, the term London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core.[6] The bulk of this conurbation forms Greater London,[7][8][note 1] a region of England governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.[9][note 2] The conurbation also covers two English counties, the City of London and the county of Greater London,[10] though historically it was split between the City, Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire.London is a leading global city,[11][12] with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport all contributing to its prominence.[13][14][15][16] It is one of the world's leading financial centres [17][18][19][20] and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.[note 3][21][22] London is a world cultural capital.[23][24][25][26] It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals[27] and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic.[28] London is the world's leading investment destination,[29][30][31] hosting more international retailers[32][33] and ultra high-net-worth individuals[34][35] than any other city. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe,[36] and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings. According to the report London also ranks first in the world in software, multimedia development and design, and shares first position in technology readiness.[37] In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.[38]
London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within Greater London.[39] The Office for National Statistics estimated its mid-2014 population to be 8,538,689,[2] the largest of any municipality in the European Union,[40] and accounting for 12.5 percent of the UK population.[41] London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants according to the 2011 census.[42] The city's metropolitan area is one of the most populous in Europe with 13,879,757 inhabitants,[note 4][43] while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region (covering a large part of south east England) as 22.7 million.[44] London was the world's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925.[45]
London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory, Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude, and GMT).[46] Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. London is home to numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library and 40 West End theatres.[47] The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.[48][49]
London
i/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.[3][4] Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium.[5] London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2) medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375, making it the smallest city in England. Since at least the 19th century, the term London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core.[6] The bulk of this conurbation forms Greater London,[7][8][note 1] a region of England governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.[9][note 2] The conurbation also covers two English counties, the City of London and the county of Greater London,[10] though historically it was split between the City, Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire.London is a leading global city,[11][12] with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport all contributing to its prominence.[13][14][15][16] It is one of the world's leading financial centres [17][18][19][20] and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.[note 3][21][22] London is a world cultural capital.[23][24][25][26] It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals[27] and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic.[28] London is the world's leading investment destination,[29][30][31] hosting more international retailers[32][33] and ultra high-net-worth individuals[34][35] than any other city. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe,[36] and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings. According to the report London also ranks first in the world in software, multimedia development and design, and shares first position in technology readiness.[37] In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.[38]
London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within Greater London.[39] The Office for National Statistics estimated its mid-2014 population to be 8,538,689,[2] the largest of any municipality in the European Union,[40] and accounting for 12.5 percent of the UK population.[41] London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants according to the 2011 census.[42] The city's metropolitan area is one of the most populous in Europe with 13,879,757 inhabitants,[note 4][43] while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region (covering a large part of south east England) as 22.7 million.[44] London was the world's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925.[45]
London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory, Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude, and GMT).[46] Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. London is home to numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library and 40 West End theatres.[47] The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.[48][49]
London
i/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.[3][4] Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium.[5] London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2) medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375, making it the smallest city in England. Since at least the 19th century, the term London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core.[6] The bulk of this conurbation forms Greater London,[7][8][note 1] a region of England governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.[9][note 2] The conurbation also covers two English counties, the City of London and the county of Greater London,[10] though historically it was split between the City, Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire.London is a leading global city,[11][12] with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport all contributing to its prominence.[13][14][15][16] It is one of the world's leading financial centres [17][18][19][20] and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.[note 3][21][22] London is a world cultural capital.[23][24][25][26] It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals[27] and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic.[28] London is the world's leading investment destination,[29][30][31] hosting more international retailers[32][33] and ultra high-net-worth individuals[34][35] than any other city. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe,[36] and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings. According to the report London also ranks first in the world in software, multimedia development and design, and shares first position in technology readiness.[37] In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.[38]
London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within Greater London.[39] The Office for National Statistics estimated its mid-2014 population to be 8,538,689,[2] the largest of any municipality in the European Union,[40] and accounting for 12.5 percent of the UK population.[41] London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants according to the 2011 census.[42] The city's metropolitan area is one of the most populous in Europe with 13,879,757 inhabitants,[note 4][43] while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region (covering a large part of south east England) as 22.7 million.[44] London was the world's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925.[45]
London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory, Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude, and GMT).[46] Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. London is home to numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library and 40 West End theatres.[47] The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.
History
The etymology of London is uncertain.[50] It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century. It is recorded c. 121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin.[50] The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae.[50] This had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud.[51]
From 1898, it was commonly accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos; this explanation has since been rejected.[50] Richard Coates put forward an explanation in 1998 that it is derived from the pre-Celtic Old European *(p)lowonida, meaning 'river too wide to ford', and suggested that this was a name given to the part of the River Thames which flows through London; from this, the settlement gained the Celtic form of its name, *Lowonidonjon;[52] this requires quite a serious amendment however. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *(h)lōndinion (as opposed to *londīnion), from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name.
Until 1889, the name "London" officially applied only to the City of London, but since then it has also referred to the County of London and now Greater London.[6]
Prehistory
Two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area. In 1999, the remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the foreshore north of Vauxhall Bridge.[53] This bridge either crossed the Thames, or went to a now lost island in the river. Dendrology dated the timbers to 1500 BC.[53] In 2010 the foundations of a large timber structure, dated to 4500 BC, were found on the Thames foreshore, south of Vauxhall Bridge.[54] The function of the mesolithic structure is not known. Both structures are on South Bank, at a natural crossing point where the River Effra flows into the River Thames.
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