Pune

                                        
Pune   is the ninth-most populous city in India and the second largest in the state of Maharashtra after the state capital city of Mumbai. Pune is also the 71st largest city in the world, by population.^[9]Pune is now listed in the Smart City plan of Union Government.^[10]
It is situated 560 metres (1,837 feet) above sea level on the Deccan plateau, on the right bank of the Mutha river.^[11] Pune city is the administrative headquarters of Pune district and was once the centre of power of the Maratha Empire established by Shivaji Maharaj.
In the 18th century, Pune became the political centre of the Indian subcontinent, as the seat of Peshwas who were the prime ministers of the Maratha Empire.^[12]
Pune is considered the cultural capital of Maharashtra.^[13] Since the 1950s and 1960s, Pune has a traditional old-economic base . Most of the old industries continue to grow. The city is also known for its manufacturing and automobiles industries, as well as for research institutes of information technology(IT), education, management and training, which attract migrants, students, and professionals from India, South East Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Pune is also one of the fastest growing cities in the Asia-Pacific region. The ‘Mercer 2015 Quality of Living rankings’ evaluated local living conditions in more than 440 cities around the world where Pune ranked at 145, second in India after Hyderabad(138).^[14] It also highlights Pune among evolving business centers and emerging 9 cities around the world with citation "Hosts IT and automotive companies

Bhosale Administration

In 1626 AD, Shahaji Raje Bhosale (father of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj) appointed Rango Bapuji Dhadphale as the administrator of Pune.^{[citation needed]} He was one of the first main developers of the town, overseeing the construction of some markets and residential areas like Kasba Peth, Somwar Peth, Raviwar Peth, and Shaniwar Peth.^{[citation needed]} After the destruction of the town in raids by the Adil Shahi dynasty in 1630 AD and again between 1636 AD and 1647 AD, Dadoji Konddeo, the successor to Dhadphale, oversaw the reconstruction of the town. He stabilized the revenue collection and administrative systems of areas around Pune and in neighboring area of the Maval region. In addition, he developed effective methods to manage disputes and to enforce law and order.^[18] Construction on the Lal Mahal began in 1631 AD. The Lal Mahal was completed in 1640 AD.^[16] Jijabai is said to have commissioned the building of the Kasba Ganapati temple. The Ganesha idol consecrated at this temple has been regarded as the presiding deity (gramadevata) of the city.^[19]
Despite bitter opposition from some Maratha Jagirdars, Shivaji was crowned Chhatrapati in 1674 AD, thus founding the Maratha Empire.^{[citation needed]} He oversaw further development in Pune, including the construction of Guruwar Peth, Somwar Peth, Ganesh Peth, and Ghorpade Peth. Shivaji encouraged the development of dams in Parvati and Kondhwa regions of Pune for agricultural purposes. Pune and its surrounding villages were the major recruitment areas for Shivaji's army between 1645 AD and 1680 AD. Between 1660 AD and 1670 AD the town was captured by Mughal General Shahista Khan, but was recaptured by the Marathas in 1670 AD after the Battle of Sinhagad. Shivaji often used Pune as his transit base during his major campaigns such as Varhad-Karanja (1673), AhemadaNagar District (1675), Karnataka (1677), and Jalna (1679). During the 27-year-long conflict between the Marathas and the Mughals, the town was occupied by Aurangzeb from 1703 to 1705; during this time, the name of the town was changed to "Muhiyabad".^[20] Two years later, once again the Marathas recaptured Sinhagad fort and later Pune city from the Mughals after 1670 AD.